Nature of Corsica 1: Backgound to the island





In September I went on a trip with Naturetrek to spend a week in search of the birds and other wildlife of Corsica. For those of my readers who are unfamiliar with Europe, Corsica is a mountainous island west of Italy and in sight of the coast of France, with Sardinia to the south and the Balearic islands to the west. Geologically, the two islands started as a microplate which split from the coast of Spain around 20 million years ago and then rotated counterclockwise, eventually losing contact with the mainland around 5 million years ago, aside from brief connections during glacial periods when sea level dropped.

Wildplace 8: Okapi

Male Okapi "Rubani", Wildplace

The most important of the species currently at Wildplace is the Okapi. When Wildplace opened last year there were two, but the section is being expanded so that more animals will be held, including one of the two currently at Bristol and another coming from another zoo.

Reticulated Giraffe

Nigerian Giraffe

Masai Giraffe

 

When people first see an Okapi, they often think it is some kind of zebra because of its stripes, but actually it is one of the few living species of giraffe. The giraffe family is most closely related to deer of all things, and in the past was much more widespread, with fossils known from both Europe and Asia – in fact it seems that the giraffe family first appeared in Europe around 20 million years ago and only later entered Africa, with the ancestors of the Okapi and the long-necked giraffes entering the continent separately.. The Okapi is probably the closest in appearance to the ancestral form, with the long-necked giraffes appearing later. Incidentally, although everyone talks about “the” giraffe, if you consider them in detail, long-necked giraffes come in a variety of colour patterns, number of “horns” (technically called ossicones). Today, it seems more likely that there several, perhaps as many as six, species of long-necked giraffe, some of which are now reduced to only a few hundred individuals.

Okapi are not in quite as bad a state as that, but the population in areas where study is possible (this being the Congo basin, study of such a rare and secretive animal is anyway very difficult) have shown serious declines and the total wild population is probably under 10,000, a 75% decline from a decade ago. Currently it is classed by the IUCN as Endangered.

In the wild Okapi are solitary, with large home ranges. They keep in touch with their neighbors with scent marking, including marking their trails with scent glands between their toes. The diet comprises mainly leaves, with some fruits on occasion, grasses, or even fungi. To compensate for toxins in their diet, wild Okapis eat charcoal from lightning-struck trees and eat mineral-rich mud. Females are larger than males, and most of the time are dominant to them which means they get the best food. Even so, spare resources for growing a baby to term are in short supply, and Okapi pregnancies are consequently long – just under 15 months.

Newborn okapis spend a lot of time resting up in thickets. To avoid the smell of their faeces attracting predators such as leopards, okapi babies have an odd habit of waiting many days after giving birth before beginning to produce dung – as long as 41 days has been recorded is usually less.

The calves grow fairly fast, and after are full grown at three years. The lifespan of an Okapi can be as long as 30 years in captivity, although 15 – 20 is more typical.

Live Okapi  were first imported to Europe in 1918, but at first the stress of capture and transport by ship resulted in high mortality. Bristol Zoo received the first Okapis in 1961, and was the first zoo in the UK to breed them. Since then many have been produced, with two from the current Bristol Zoo female Lodja in the last four years. Lodja will be moving up to Wildplace once the new enclosures are completed.

One of the problems with captive breeding programmes is maintaining the genetic integrity of the various source populations. Before the complexity of the taxonomy of the various (sub)species of long-necked giraffe was fully realised it was common to mix them, with the result that many zoos now hold animals which are hybrids and useless for conservation purposes. Now these hybrids are being progressively removed from the captive population and separate studbooks are maintained so that pure-breeding groups of the original forms are maintained. The situation with Okapi is not so bad, but it does appear that there is considerable genetic structure in the wild population, as a result of the species being repeatedly confined to refugia of suitable habitat as the rainforest expanded and shrank during the Pleistocene. The most important barrier between okapi populations today is the Congo River, although there seems to be some gene flow across the river. For more on this, a recent study on PLoS One might be of interest:

·         Distinct and Diverse: Range-Wide Phylogeography Reveals Ancient Lineages and High Genetic Variation in the Endangered Okapi (Okapia johnstoni) David W.G Stanton et al Published: July 09, 2014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101081

This brings an end to this series on the animals of Wildplace. Next time, I will start a new series – subjects to be determined, so watch this space.

(Okapi photos are mine, Giraffe from Wikipedia)

Wildplace 7: Red River Hog

Red River Hog

Although not especially rich in species, pigs are found naturally all over the Old World except Australasia, and have been introduced to both Australasia and the Americas, with feral domestic pigs being one of the most destructive of invasive species. Domestic pigs are of course derived from the very widespread Eurasian Wild Boar, but in Africa as well as the domestic pig one of the commonest sources of bushmeat are related species of wild pig, the bushpig Potamochoerus larvatus and the subject of this article, the Red River Hog Potamochoerus porcus.  

Book Review: Extinct Madagascar: Picturing the Island's Past

Details: Extinct Madagascar: Picturing the Islands Past by Steven M.Goodman and William L.Jungers, plates by Velizar Simeonovski. Available from Amazon.

Red Bellied Lemur

I thought I would add an occasional post for book reviews that might be of interest to readers, so I am starting with this one. It is an overview of the recently extinct fauna of Madagascar, of which there is sadly far too much, as anyone who is interested in the current ecological disaster on the island will be well aware. Part 1 covers the geological history, colonisation history (both animals and humans), and the vegetational types on the island. Part 2 is structured around a series of colour plates of sites where subfossil remains of the fauna have been located, accompanied by descriptions of the animals illustrated and what the various sites mean for the complex history of the island over the 2000 or so years since human beings colonised the island.

Wildplace 6: Boreray Sheep

Boreray Sheep

One of the minor but more curious stories in the complicated history of Britain is the story of St Kilda. Located in the Outer Hebrides, it is the most isolated of the archipelago, and today at least is uninhabited except for sea birds, which have the largest colonies in Britain. Up until the 1920’s it had been continually inhabited since at least the Bronze Age, if not earlier, but contact with the outside world for the few hundred (at most) inhabitants was only every few months at best, and in the winter storms they were cut off for much of the year. By historical times they were Gaelic-speaking, living a subsistence=level existence based around small farms, a few sheep, and harvesting young from the vast seabird colonies that are still a feature of the island and its associated offshore sea stacks.